Designing solutions with the product-service systems digital twin: What is now and what is next?

Digital Twins (DT) are of particular interest in the domain Product-Service Systems (PSS), to predict hardware availability, inform about needed features new solutions, and forecast expected performances configurations operation. The aim this paper is shed light on extent which ‘twins’ applied today across PSS life cycle, spotlight ability DT-related case studies capture a full value perspective vs. simply attempting represent services digital realm. By means systematic literature review combined with mapping study, reveals how only minimal part existing able demonstrate real-time physical-to-virtual virtual-to-physical connections can be used improve design servitized solutions. analysis shows contributions topic mostly proposing frameworks methods, as opposed models tools, well ‘evaluation’, ‘validation’ tasks largely neglected. As result, proposes specialized definition DT, together set research questions that need answered empower engineering teams relevant DT for design.